THE STANS

The Stans - Central Asia Quintet

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Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan have common history, the same customs and culture, and still, each of these countries retains its national coloration. Uzbekistan is famous for its cuisine and sites of the oriental Middle Ages, Turkmenistan, for its unique natural sites and modern architecture. Kazakhstan is a country of endless steppes with modern cities, which still retain traces of the past generations. Kyrgyzstan, also called the country of sky mountains and thousands of lakes offers you to visit many sites of picturesque mountainous landscapes, while Tajikistan is known for its highest peaks, attracting fans of active rest from all over the world to summit them.

Contents

A first-timer's guide to Central Asia. 4

Samarkand, Uzbekistan. 5

Bukhara, Uzbekistan. 5

Khiva, Uzbekistan. 5

Pamir Highway, Tajikistan. 6

Tian Shan Mountains, Kyrgyzstan. 6

Almaty, Kazakhstan. 6

Merv, Turkmenistan. 6

Tash Rabat, Kyrgyzstan. 6

Lake Song-Köl, Kyrgyzstan. 6

Yasaui Mausoleum, Turkistan, Kazakhstan. 6

Make it happen. 7

CENTRAL ASIA - WIKITRAVEL. 7

Countries. 7

Cities. 8

Other destinations. 9

CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES.. 13

Uzbekistan. The Present Illuminated with the Light of Centuries. 14

Kazakhstan - Travel Guide. 15

Kazakhstan Cities. 15

Almaty, Kazakhstan. 15

Astana, Kazakhstan. 15

Aktau, Kazakhstan. 16

Taraz, Kazakhstan. 16

Kyrgyzstan -Travel Guide. 16

10 Great Things to Do and See in Kyrgyzstan. 17

Tajikistan - Travel Guide. 17

Cities of Tajikistan. 17

Penjikent, Tajikistan. 17

Istaravshan, Tajikistan. 18

Kurgan Tyube, Tajikistan. 18

Khujand, Tajikistan. 18

Turkmenistan - Travel Guide. 18

Cities of Turkmenistan. 19

Ashgabat, Turkmenistan. 19

Turkmenabad, Turkmenistan. 20

Mary, Turkmenistan. 20

Dashoguz, Turkmenistan. 20

Central Asian Countries. 21

Uzbekistan. The Present Illuminated with the Light of Centuries. 22

Kazakhstan - Travel Guide. 23

Kyrgyzstan -Travel Guide. 23

10 Great Things to Do and See in Kyrgyzstan. 24

Tajikistan - Travel Guide. 24

Turkmenistan - Travel Guide. 24

10 Reasons To Travel to Central Asia: 25

1. It’s The Perfect Time. 26

7. The Pamir Highway. 29

8. The Markets. 30

9. The Nature. 31

10. The Historical Sites. 32

Tour Request 34

Scheduled Central Asia Tour, 2015. 34

Tour Summary: 34

Accommodation: 36

Map_of_Central_Asia

A first-timer's guide to Central Asia

by Bradley Mayhew · Mar 23 2012

Ever imagined yourself riding horseback across the Eurasian steppe or haggling for carpets in an Uzbek bazaar? Silk Road romantics with a penchant for kebabs should make a beeline to these unmissable Central Asian highlights.

Four Towers, Almaty by Irene2005

Four Towers by Irene2005. CC BY 2.0

Samarkand, Uzbekistan

Few cities encapsulate the allure of the Silk Road as completely as Samarkand. Tamerlane's showcase city is a study in ambition, ranking amongst the world’s greatest collections of Islamic architecture. Mesmerising tilework, soaring blue domes and a massive sense of scale are the rule here, including at Tamerlane’s own resting place, the Gur Amir.

Bukhara, Uzbekistan

With its skyline of mosques, madrasahs and minarets, Bukhara is the quintessential Central Asian trading town. The labyrinthine old town is the best place for a random wander, but don’t miss the fortress of the dastardly former Emir or the 47m-tall Kalon Minaret that so impressed Genghis Khan almost eight centuries ago.

Khiva, Uzbekistan

The third of Uzbekistan’s great caravan cities requires a long desert journey (preferably a flight or overnight train ride) but it’s worth the trip to wander the almost-perfect walled city of the slave-trading khanate. A great excursion into the surrounding desert takes in the enigmatic ruins of a dozen medieval fortresses.

Pamir Highway, Tajikistan

Overland connoisseurs generally agree that the Pamir Hwy is one of the world’s great mountain road trips. From remote mountain valleys bordering Afghanistan the paved road detours through the scenic Wakhan Valley, a major Silk Road thoroughfare, before climbing onto the treeless, high-altitude Pamir plateau. Retrace the routes of Marco Polo and 19th-century explorers by day, before overnighting in remote Kyrgyz yurt camps.

Tian Shan Mountains, Kyrgyzstan

A chunk of Switzerland magically transplanted into Central Asia, the Tian Shan are the de facto base camp for Central Asia’s impressive trekking scene. Agencies in Karakol

can kit you out for multi-day trips up lush, forested valleys to your very own turquoise mountain lakes and Alpine meadows dotted with wildflowers.

Almaty, Kazakhstan

Central Asia’s most interesting city (and Kazakhstan’s former capital), Almaty is a leafy and cosmopolitan blend of Russian and Kazakh influences. Attend Orthodox mass at the Zenkov Cathedral, shop the bustling Zilyony Bazaar and pay a visit to the ‘Golden Man’, a priceless suit of Scythian armour created for the afterlife.

Merv, Turkmenistan

The ‘Queen of the World’ once ranked as one of the world’s largest cities. Today it’s a series of overlapping ruins, fading across the centuries, with the UNESCO-protected 12th-century Mausoleum of Sultan Sanjar as the star attraction. Fans of inner Asian history will love it. The bonus? A peak at the oddball hermit republic of Turkmenistan.

Tash Rabat, Kyrgyzstan

High in the Tian Shan Mountains near the border with China lies this lovely caravanserai, so perfect that you can almost hear the caravans unloading their bales of silk as they bed down their camels for the night. If you are headed to China, visit as part of the epic overland trip over the Torugart Pass to Kashgar.

Lake Song-Köl, Kyrgyzstan

Kyrgyzstan is all about yurts, horses and summer pastures, which makes it the perfect place to realize your latent Genghis Khan fantasies (minus the murder and pillaging, of course). Local community-based tourism providers (see www.cbtkyrgyzstan.kg) can arrange excellent guided horse trips to the beautiful lake, overnighting en route in authentic herders’ yurts.

Yasaui Mausoleum, Turkistan, Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan’s most impressive architectural legacy does double duty as a major centre for Central Asian Sufism. Follow your fellow pilgrims around the blue-domed mausoleum before diving hands-first in a celebratory feast of roast sheep or plov (pilau rice).

Make it happen

For flight connections to Central Asia, airBaltic, Lufthansa and Turkish Airlines fly to the major air hubs of Tashkent and Almaty. Visas for Central Asia can be tricky. Invitations are required for Turkmenistan but not for Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan or Kyrgyzstan, depending on your nationality and where you apply for the visa. Our best tips for ‘Stan travel: bring cash US dollar bills and a strong tolerance for mutton.

CENTRAL ASIA - WIKITRAVEL

Central Asia Banner.jpg Stay safe

Central Asia is most notable for being home to the 'stans': Rugged countries with limited arable land, historically coveted for their position between Europe and East Asia, rather than for their resources (although petroleum and natural gas reserves in the region are becoming more and more important). They are home to generally poor, primarily Muslim, historically nomadic, mostly Turkic-speaking peoples (the exception is Tajikistan). All but Afghanistan, (which is sometimes categorized separately for this and other reasons) are former Soviet republics, and with the exception of Kyrgyzstan, have so far have retained authoritarian, secular governments.

Countries

Map of Central Asia

Afghanistan
One-time backpacker Shangri-La, but after 30 years of bloody (and ongoing) war, famine, and nightmare politics, it holds considerably less touristic appeal today.

Kazakhstan
The world's largest landlocked nation is sparsely populated, dominated by archetypal Central Asian steppe, with deep reserves of fossil fuels, and pockets of beautiful wilderness for outdoors enthusiasts.

Kyrgyzstan
A truly beautiful country high in the mountains, and with the exception of the admittedly fascinating but unsafe Ferghana Valley, Central Asia's easiest and perhaps most pleasant place to visit.

Tajikistan
Tajikistan—Central Asia's poorest backwater, is truly is off the beaten path, but with incredible landscapes and Persian culture, and off-again, on-again civil wars.

Turkmenistan
An amalgam of desert moonscapes and arid mountains, dotted with the ruins of great ancient civilizations, and ruled until recently by a post-Soviet lunatic cultivating one of the most bizarre cults of personality in history, this is off-the-beaten-path, difficult (courtesy of rotten officialdom), but potentially very rewarding travel.

Uzbekistan
With cities such as Samarkand, Bukhara, Khiva, Tashkent, and other old Silk Road citadels, this country has way more than its fair share of culture and history. The people are warm and friendly and the country naturally is nothing short of beautiful. The government will go out of its way to complicate your trip, though.

Due to culture and history, Iran, Mongolia, Western China (Inner Mongolia, Tibet, Xinjiang, Gansu, Qinghai, western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan), parts of Russia (Buryatia, Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Tuva, Altai, Khakassia) and Pakistan is often also included.

Cities

· Almaty — Kazakhstan's beautiful and interesting former capital.

· Ashgabat — Turkmenistan's capital, with weird dictator monuments galore and natural gas wealth ostentation.

· Astana — Kazakhstan's cold northern capital, which is starting to grow and has quite the potential.

· Bishkek — the leafy and drowsy capital of Kyrgyzstan.

· Bukhara — a 2,500-year-old Silk Road city in Uzbekistan and UNESCO World Heritage Site.

· Dushanbe — the sleepiest Central Asian capital by leagues in Tajikistan.

· Kabul — Afghanistan's capital and hub for, well, anyone who has to go to Afghanistan.

· Samarkand — another of Uzbekistan's world-famous 2,500-year-old Silk Road cities, and also another UNESCO World Heritage Site.

· Tashkent — Uzbekistan's capital, whose ages-old history lies below Soviet-era construction, and by far the region's biggest city, at some 3 million.

Other destinations

· Aral Sea — a post-apocalyptic ecological disaster area of a dead sea, filled with the empty husks of overturned rusting boats and seashells that once moved with life in this now dead region.

· Band-e Amir — the breath-taking sight of five torquoise-blue lakes, connected by waterfalls, surrounded by barren wasteland in Afghanistan.

· Chimbulak — Central Asia's most accessible ski resort (no helicopters needed), outside Almaty.

· Darvaza Flaming Crater — aaaaannnd Central Asia's strangest attraction, the Gates of Hell, a vast flaming crater hundreds of miles from civilization in the middle of the inhospitable Karakarum Desert.

· Issyk Kul — an absolutely gorgeous alpine lake, and perhaps Central Asia's most iconic natural wonder.

· Merv — the most famous of Turkmenistan's many ruined medieval Silk Road cities.

· Nissa — ruined Parthian fortresses comprising a UNESCO World Heritage site within easy striking distance of Ashgabat.

· Zeravshan — a rugged and beautiful section of Tajikistan in the trekking and climbing-friendly Fan Mountains.

Understand

Central Asia is an area that was, until recently, inaccessible for independent travellers. That has all changed, although the traveller will still often come up against a wall of Soviet-style bureaucracy. Despite this, Central Asia is increasing in popularity amongst travellers who want to experience one of the world's last great frontier lands.

Historically and geographically diverse, Central Asia is an interesting region. As a bridge between Europe and Asia, the region was the home of the Silk Road, the ancient trading route between the two continents in the first centuries of the common era. The following millennia saw much upheaval and conflict, from the expansion of Islam, the period of Mongol domination and the 'Great Game' between imperial Britain and imperial Russia in the 19th century.

After a traumatic break-up from the USSR, Some Central Asian countries are beginning to find their feet and offer good travelling options. There are parts of Central Asia that will have hardly seen a traveller before, and there are many wild and beautiful landscapes to be explored. That is not to say the region is bereft of problems, chiefly a lack of infrastructure and stifling bureaucracy.

Understand that self-identification is an especially touchy issue in Central Asia, more so than most of Europe. Parts of China (Notably Inner Mongolia,Tibet and Xinjiang) have a native population that has in many instances advocated for secession from China. Often they emphasise their Central Asian identity, something not well-understood by outsiders. For example, Mongolians and Buryats tend to emphasise their historical ties with the Turkic Muslims to the west (despite being Mongolic Buddhists of the Tibetan Rite) and are offended by being compared to the Chinese, and some even call themselves Europeans (by virtue of Russian influence).

This situation is not unique to Mongolic peoples; Tibetans are well known in the West for their disdain for China and any ties they may have to it. Many people in Tatarstan and Xinjiang, among other places, would emphasise their Turkicness over any connection to China or Russia.

The problem goes the other way as well. Many ethnic Chinese are quick to point out that the Manchu Empire included parts of Central Asia, including land no longer controlled by the Chinese.

All in all, Central Asian identity is greatly shaped by their nomadic nature. From Kyrgyz to Tibetans, a history of tribal politics have left Central Asia at once totally isolated from the outside world, and intimately connected to whoever conquered them.

Corruption is an issue in most Central Asian countries. Countries such as Kazakhstan are fighting corruption heavily.

Talk

Most of Central Asia (especially by the Soviet definition) speaks some Turkic language. The Turkic languages are a very broad group, and while some are mutually intelligible (depending on your level of proficiency), many are not. For those willing to take a stab at the language(s) of the great Turkic horde, a good place to start would be here.

Mongolic languages (while arguably related to Turkic ones) are not comprehensible to the speaker of any Turkic language. These are scattered across the continent, from Mongolia, to Inner Mongolia (in China), to Buryatia and Kalmykia (in Russia).

Iranic languages are thankfully related to English, albeit distantly. They are spoken in some parts of China, as well as by the majority in Tajikistan, Iranand Afghanistan, and by a large minority in Uzbekistan.

A working knowledge of Russian will be extremely useful in most regions described as Central Asian, since majority of this area was once part of the Soviet Union.

Get in

As mentioned above, the definition of "Central Asia" can be controversial. One reason why the one used on this page is useful, however, is visas.

All Central Asian countries except for Kyrgyzstan require visas for a lot of countries, and the difficulty of getting them may range from a minor hassle to virtually impossible if not on a tour or with a guide. Before issuing a visa, some countries will require a letter of invitation, often best obtained via a specialist travel agency. Some hotels will issue letters of invitation for confirmed reservations. Some nationalities may be excluded from the requirement to have one at all. Start working on your visas well in advance, as it may take weeks for the gears of bureaucracy to grind through your application, and make sure you comply with any local police/bureaucracy registration requirements after you've arrived.

By plane

The hub for the region is Tashkent, Uzbekistan, which has the most flights to destinations outside Central Asia. Unfortunately the airport also has a reputation for being unpleasant, and it is best to avoid flights which arrive here late at night.

There are also increasingly good options for flights to Almaty, Kazakhstan. You can fly here directly from London, Frankfurt, Beijing, Seoul, Moscow, Riga and various others.

To arrive in other Central Asia cities will generally require a transfer in one of these hubs.

Overland

From Russia

Trains going to Central Asia leave from Moscow Kazansky station. Trains go to Tashkent (56 hours/US$80), Almaty (78 hours/US$120), Bishkek (75 hours/US$70), Samarkand (85 hours/US$100), and others.

From China

There is a railway line from Urumqi, China to Almaty, but the bus is quicker. An interesting option is the challenging crossing from Kashgar, China to Kyrgyzstan through the Torugart Pass. This was a major link on the old Silk Road.

From Iran

The border is closed to foreigners, but there are buses running between Mashhad and Ashgabat, Turkmenistan.

From Pakistan

Travelling to different areas of Pakistan is quite easy by train, bus or taxi. The route from there into Afghanistan via the Khyber Pass is not currently safe. The Karakoram Highway North into China is challenging but possible. It gets you to Kashgar; from there routes to Central Asia are either difficult (West to Bishkek) or long (swing North to Urumqi and then Almaty).

By boat

There is an irregular service between Baku, Azerbaijan and Turkmenbashi, Turkmenistan.

Get around

Getting between Central Asian countries is tricky. Until recently, it was practically impossible to get into Türkmenistan. Get as many visas as you can before you leave. If not, make sure you're "stationed" in one and have time to deal with the bureaucracy at each embassy before you go.

See

The whole region is filled with steppes and mountains. Beautiful scenery that has served as the backdrop for a half-dozen empires. Most tourists to the region arrive in the capital and immediately book a tour of the mountains or countryside (especially in Kyrgyzstan).

Itineraries

· Europe to South Asia over land

· Istanbul to New Delhi over land

· On the trail of Marco Polo

· Moscow to Urumqi

· Silk Road

Eat

The further south you are, the more flavourful the cuisine is. Afghanistan and Tajikistan have far different cuisine than the Mongolic or Turkic cuisines, which are mostly hearty, spice-free, meaty fare.

All Central Asian countries are heavily carnivorous. There are local vegetarians in all Central Asian countries (even Afghanistan) but they are in the minority. This means while you can go without meat and survive, you will attract odd looks.

Drink

With the notable exception of fanatical regions of Afghanistan and northern Pakistan (where hashish smoking dominates), Central Asia is dominated by drinkers. Where Russian imperialists met little success attracting Muslim Turkic and Persian subjects to Christianity, vodka missionary efforts enjoyed a wildly successful conversion rate. The post-Soviet states are just as filled with liquor just as Buddhist Tibet and Mongolia are. Don't blame/thank the Russians for the drinking culture, though: fermented mare's milk (kumis) was popular long before they defeated the old khanates, and continues to be a popular drink among non-Russians and tourists, after working up liquid courage a la vodka. The non-alcoholic drink of choice is always tea, naturally.

Nightlife follows national patterns in drinking (there are not too many discotheques in Kandahar). While Central Asia is not the world's number one destination for clubbing, the Russophone party culture ensures a good time in places like Bishkek, Almaty, and Tashkent.

Stay safe

Safety in Central Asia is a complex issue. While Afghanistan is famous for the possibility of kidnappings, riots and Taliban resurgence, most other Central Asian countries risk riots after years of autocratic or near-autocratic government. Tibet and Xinjiang were engulfed by riots in 2008 and 2009, respectively, while Kyrgyzstan suffered through a violent revolution in 2010.

This is not to say that the entire region is a death trap. Most of the time, most of the region is peaceful. But even then you have some concerns. Most likely for the tourist is having one's pocket picked. See each individual country for a more complete summary.

CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES

Central Asia Map

Central Asia covers an area of 3,994,300 square kilometers which includes some of the most sparsely populated regions in the world. Its population of only 51 million people includes more than 100 different ethnic groups, from Germans and Austrians to Tibetans and Koreans. The largest ethnic group is the Uzbeks. Uzbekistan has a population of more than 30 million, and Uzbeks from substantial minorities in all other four republics.

There were some 10.6 million Russians living in Central Asia in 1992, but there has been a large-scale exodus of Russians from Tajikistan and Uzbekistan Because of fears of ethnic violence and Islamic fundamentalism.

Tashkent and Ashgabat, the capitals of Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, have long urban histories but the other three capital cities, Dushanbe in Tajikistan, Almaty in Kazakhstan and Bishkek in Kyrgyzstan, were created by the Bolsheviks to give a sense of ethnic identity to those nationalities. Uzbekistan contains all the most famous historical cities of Central Asia: Samarkand, Bukhara, Khiva and Kokand. There were the seats of nomadic empires and settled kingdoms in the past, as well as being centers in the development of Islam throughout the region. For centuries the hundreds of madrasahs, or Islamic colleges in Bukhara and Samarkand attracted students from as far away as Marocco and Indonesia. Bukhara is seen by many Muslims as a place of pilgrimage and the most important city in Islam after Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem. Central Asia was also the birthplace of Sufism, the mystical trend in Islam which spread rapidly to Africa and Asia.

Uzbekistan. The Present Illuminated with the Light of Centuries

The history of each country and people dates back to the past for hundreds and thousands of years, intertwining in complex tangles with the fates of neighboring and distant countries and peoples. So the disputes that some ethnos is more ancient than another not are not right. This is especially strange in the modern world, where the largest project of compilation of genetic atlas of peoples and maps of ancient migrations of humankind has been implementing since 2005. For example, certain studies showed that around three thousand years BC, the nomads from the Eurasian steppes had domesticated a horse and thus spread their genetic marker M17 throughout the whole territory from Iceland to West Bengal. It turns out that about 40 percent (!) of men living in the vast territory of the Czech Republic to the Siberian plains and including Central Asia are the closest genetic cousins. That is, where a Pole or Czech starts and an Uzbek or Tajik ends is genetically hard to determine.

It is much more logical to be proud of how well the countries and peoples managed to preserve the architectural and cultural historical memory for the descendant. And there, Uzbekistan, whose main tourist centers such as Samarkand, Bukhara and Khiva, entered to the UNESCO World Heritage List, has much to show to the world.

Besides, it gives us pleasure to say that the peoples of Uzbekistan have enriched the heritage of humanity not only with the architectural monuments. The List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, compiled under the UNESCO program “Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Cultural Heritage” includes:

By a twist of fate, Uzbekistan, isolated by mountains and deserts from seas and oceans, was located at the very crossroads of world civilizations, world religions, cultural traditions and culinary preferences. Absorbing the best, enriching the spiritual world, every citizen of the country easily speaks two, three or more languages (Uzbek, Karakalpak, Farsi, Kazakh, Russian) and read Rub-a-dub of Omar Khayyam in the original. Everyone considers himself a connoisseur of Uzbek, Uighur, Korean and Russian cuisine. Any man can easily cook pilaf for thousand guests. OK, every man can cook pilaf for ten people, that’s for sure. Each local builder knows how to build an earthquake-proof house of clay of particular mix.

Over a thousand years, until the discovery of the sea route to India, the goods from East to West were transported along the Great Silk Road.

So the people of Uzbekistan are so much genetically gifted as merchants and traders: they absorbed the skills of the Greeks and the Jews, Moors and Chinese. Uzbekistan absorbed much in all fields of industry. It gave much to the world too: thinkers and mathematicians, theologians and astronomers, generals and rulers, poets and healers, Grand Masters and football referee.

Many actions and habits of the locals, committed on the level of instincts were developed not even in childhood; they are in the genetic memory. To take a piece of bread fallen on the ground and put it aside. The first bowl of nosey tea is served to guests. The first sip of water in the heat to be given to the youngest. Seat the guest on the place of honor in the house, at a maximum distance from the front door, for the host could protect him from the enemy suddenly bursting in. A manner of cut melon or make a “scoop” of watermelon. A sprig of sweet basil behind the ear of a dignified man and a young beautiful girl in the summer heat. All this is thousands of beads that make up a mosaic of the amazingly beautiful ancient and eternally young country - Uzbekistan, which while preserving its uniqueness, is updating its look, building roads and bridges, factories and houses, laying pipes and melting metal.

This is the country which you must visit at least once in your life, to have something to tell your grandchildren.

Kazakhstan - Travel Guide

Geographically Kazakhstan is a part of Central Asia. Kazakhstan is more than twice as big as the four other Central Asian republics put together and is roughly half the size of mainland USA. The landscape of Kazakhstan is diverse. The northern forest-steppe turns into steppe, half-deserts and deserts in the South.

Kazakhstan is mineral rich. Enterprises involved in extraction and processing of coal, oil, gas, non-ferrous and ferrous metals play a leading role in the national economy.

The Republic is a multinational state inhabited with representatives of more than 120 nationalities. The main religions are Islam and Orthodox Christianity, but religious tolerant is the norm.

In recent years lots of mosques and churches are under construction and the number of religious people is growing. But Kazakhstan is not as religious as other republics of Central Asia, and as a heritage of the Soviet Union a great number of people are not religious at all.

10 Great Things to Do and See in Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan Cities

Kyrgyzstan -Travel Guide

Kyrgyzstan is situated in Central Asia, its neighbouring countries are Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west, Tadjikistan to the south and China to its East and South-East. The former Republic of the Soviet Union became independent in the year 1991 and since then is a democratic Presidential Republic. Bishkek, formerly called Frunze, is the capital with about 1 million inhabitants, the country as a whole has about 5 million inhabitants and an area of 198.500 km².

As a result of its varied and turbulent history, the country throughout the centuries became a real melting pot of nationalities: The ethnic group of the Kyrgyz, traditionally nomads that still nowadays often live as half-nomads (see also "Kyrgyz people and their traditions"), makes up only a bit more than 50% of the population. The two other important ethnic groups are Russians and Uzbeks, both with about 15 % of the population. The Russians came into the region during the 19 th century, and especially the capital Bishkek, only 125 years old, is heavily influenced by the Russian way of life and Soviet architecture. Because of this people, also the second-biggest religious group in the mostly muslim country (83%) are Russian-orthodox.

The Uzbek people lives to its biggest part in the south of the country, close to the border to Uzbekistan. This part of the country is also much more influenced by muslim traditions than the rest. Other people out of those more than 80 nationalities and ethnic groups living in Kyrgyzstan are European ones like Germans or Ukrains, muslim chinese people like Dungans, as well as Tatars and Uighurs.

Although there are so many different people living in the region, whose lifestyle and traditions sometimes differ a lot, they all have one thing in common: The typical Central Asian hospitality, that can in no way be compared with the way guests are greeted in the western world: Never you will come across a yurt without being invited for a cup of the national drink Kymyz and a snack, never you will be invited into the house of locals without facing a table, completely full of delicacies already before the main dish is served.

Nontheless, gastronomy is only one way where hospitality is shown: The warmth and openness of the people can be felt already when you first get acquainted, and at the second meeting you're very often already considered as a family member!

10 Great Things to Do and See in Kyrgyzstan

Cities of Kyrgyzstan

Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan

Bishkek, the capital of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan, with a population of about 1 million, is situated in the north part of the country (Chui-Region). Especially the centre is heavily influenced by the Soviets, and you can enjoy quite a number of typical soviet-style architecture (Philharmonia – concert hall, government building, Historic Museum, Monument for the Great War of the Native Country) but also modern monuments pointing out the traditional Kyrgyz culture (Monument of Manas, Monument of Independence, as well as many statues of Akyns, Manas’chi and local governors of different periods).

Tajikistan - Travel Guide

Tajiks are one of the most ancient nations of the world. Life in area situated at the main crossroads of eastern civilizations has given them continuous access to the achievements of other cultures. First settlement on the territory of today's Tajikistan date back to the end of upper Paleolithic period (15-20 thousand years ago). Archaeological finds, the works of Herodotus and other written evidence provide information on trading relations, customs, and rituals of the nation. For many centuries the country, involved mainly in trading with neighbors suffered from foreign invasions by the troops of Alexander the Great, steppe nomads, Arabs and Tatar-Mongols.

10 Great Things to Do and See in Tajikistan

Cities of Tajikistan

Penjikent, Tajikistan

Tajikistan travel destination Penjikent is a Sogdian city, which flourished from the 5th to 8th centuries. It is well preserved and it was called “Central Asia’s Pompeii”. An opulent governor’s palace, homes, and temples can be seen. At one time Sogdiana controlled a key section of the Silk Road, but in the 8th century Empire collapsed and people fled to the mountains. Descendants of this ancient kingdom still live in the more remote regions of present-day Tajikistan name Jagnob Valley and still speak a remote dialect of Sogdian.
More about Penjikent

Istaravshan, Tajikistan

Istaravshan used to be the center of independent state which was governed by Uzbek rulers. In the beginning of the 19th century the city became the "apple of discord" between Bukhara emirate and Kokand khanate, and in the 1860s it was conquered by the Russian armies. The people of Istaravshan were unsurpassed masters-handicraftsmen. Their products - fabrics, footwear, fretwork decorated knives, utensils, embroidery - were highly appreciated in Central Asia.
More about Istaravshan

Kurgan Tyube, Tajikistan

The city is located in the upper part of a valley in the center of a rich oasis. Some historical data testifies that Kurgan Tyube emerged in the seventh century, according to the other it happened much later. The area occupied by modern Kurgan Tyube was known as Khuttal' in the Middle Ages. It was a huge territory between the Vakhsh and the Panj. During the most ancient period of its history Khuttal' was a part of Bactria. "Heavenly Racers" of Khuttal' were well-known in the ancient times. Khuttal' horses were the basis of Alexander the Great's cavalry.
More about Kurgan Tyube

Khujand, Tajikistan

Khujand is the capital of northern Tajikistan and the second largest city in the country. The city's history dates back to ancient times. In the opinion of historians legendary city of Alexander-Eskhata (Alexandria Extreme) was constructed by Alexander the Great on the place of the present Khujand (the 5th century BC) and become the city of highly developed culture, important commercial and crafts center. Khujand is one of the centers of mountaineering. Climbers prefer Ak-Su area located in one of the most picturesque corners of Kyrgyzstan near Khujand.
More about Khujand

Turkmenistan - Travel Guide

Turkmenistan is a republic in Central Asia. The geographical position of the Republic is more advantageous than that of its neighbors due to the outlet to the Caspian Sea. However, one can also see sandy deserts with barchans when traveling far inland. Turkmenistan is the country of deserts and oases as well as unique historical and cultural traditions. The most ancient civilizations of the world prospered on its territory. Turkmenistan is definitely the country of contrasts, especially today, when the cities of the republic have completely changed and become more similar to European mega cities. But despite all the changes their Oriental character has been preserved in special architecture, decoration of buildings, numerous mosques and ancient monuments.

A Central Asian state - Turkmenistan borders on Uzbekistan in the north and east, with Kazakhstan - in the north, in the east and the south it borders on Afghanistan, in the south -on Iran. From the west the country is washed by the waters of the Caspian Sea. The general length of the border is 3,736 km, the length of the sea line - 1,768 km. Turkmenistan possesses is rich in oil, gas, potash and rock salts, non-ferrous and rare earth metals. It is one of the richest states in terms of gas and oil deposits. At the same time the history of the country's independence is very short. The country's capital is Ashgabat, other major cities -Turkmenbasi, Mary, Turkmenabad, Dashoguz.

Turkmenistan is a neutral. Turkmenistan is ruled by the republican government. The president is the head of the state and executive branch. The head of the government is the prime minister. The legislature belongs to the Parliament - the Public Assembly (Khalk Medzhlis).

All in all it creates the unique image of the country existing on a juncture of epochs organically combining both the past and the future. The capital of Turkmenistan is Ashgabat which means "the city of love" and Persian language - an oasis created by people loves hands among sands and mounts. Ashgabat is a city of blossoming parks, masterpieces of architecture, sculptures, tremendous fountains, museums and monuments.

It's really impossible to list all possible excursion routes across Turkmenistan. Its territory is abundant in rare ancient monuments which have survived from ancient times. The legendary Nissa -the residence of Parthian kings, the medieval city of Enev are among them. If you travel deeper inland you'll have a chance to see the remains of the ancient city of Merv.

Besides numerous antiquities Turkmenistan has a variety of unique natural landmarks: underground lakes, high mountain tops, deep crevices, paradise-like places high in the mountains are similar to none.

Only in such wonderful country as Turkmenistan you will have a chance to taste original Turkmen delicacies from fresh mutton cooked on saxaul fire wood, to see the world-known Akhaltekin racers, the legendary handcrafted Turkmen carpets, to become an eyewitness of national rituals!

Area: 488, 1 thousand square kilometers
Climate: sharp continental
Population: about 5.17 million
Official language: Turkmen.
Capital: Ashgabat
National holiday: Day of Independence (October 27th, since 1991).
National currency: manat. More about national currency...
National symbolics: Turkmenistan Flag, Turkmenistan Emblem

Cities of Turkmenistan

Ashgabat, Turkmenistan

Ashgabat is located in a picturesque valley at the foothills of Kopet Dagh. It emerged in 1881 first as military fortress not far from a village bearing the same name. In 1885 a railway was built that reached the area. As a result, it turned into a small town. The brightest page of Ashgabat's history was the fall of Geoek-Tepe fortress during the aggressive colonial war with Russia. Until 1919 the city was known as Askhabat. In 1921 the city was renamed Poltoratsk. In 1927 the old name in a new transcription -Ashkhabat ("the city of love") was returned to the city. In the 90s there was another transcription - Ashgabat...
More about Ashgabat

Turkmenabad, Turkmenistan

Turkmenabad is the center of the eastern part of Turkmenistan and the second-largest city in terms of population. It is located on the banks of the Amu Darya River . Long time ago the fortress of Bukhara emirate called Chardzhui (the four canals) used to stand there. It guarded the Amu Darya crossing from the attacks of nomadic tribes. In 1886 when trans-Caspian Railway reached the fortress it grew first into a military and then into civilian settlement...
More about Turkmenabad

Mary, Turkmenistan

Mary is the third largest city of Turkmenistan . It is located in a big oasis in the middle of the Kara Kum Desert . Mary was founded in 1884 as a Russian military administrative center 30 kilometers from ancient Merv (by the way until 1937 Mary was called Merv). Today it is a major center of cotton industry, large traffic point and the main center of gas industry which brings the most revenues to Turkmenistan treasury. The most interesting places in the city are the History Museum with a rich collection of artifacts, Turkmen carpets, national costumes and silver. ...
More about Mary

Dashoguz, Turkmenistan

Central Asian Countries

Central Asia Map

Today Central Asia comprises five independent republics, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan. From its beginning in 1917, the Soviet state never included Kazakhstan in Muslim Central Asia, preferring to give it a non-Asian identity by linking it closely to Russia and Siberia. Today, however, the Kazakhs themselves and the world at large believe they are very much part of the region. Central Asia covers an area of 3,994,300 square kilometers which includes some of the most sparsely populated regions in the world. Its population of only 51 million people includes more than 100 different ethnic groups, from Germans and Austrians to Tibetans and Koreans. The largest ethnic group is the Uzbeks. Uzbekistan has a population of more than 30 million, and Uzbeks from substantial minorities in all other four republics. There were some 10.6 million Russians living in Central Asia in 1992, but there has been a large-scale exodus of Russians from Tajikistan and Uzbekistan Because of fears of ethnic violence and Islamic fundamentalism.

Uzbekistan. The Present Illuminated with the Light of Centuries

Over a thousand years, until the discovery of the sea route to India, the goods from East to West were transported along the Great Silk Road.

This is the country which you must visit at least once in your life, to have something to tell your grandchildren.

Kazakhstan - Travel Guide

Kazakhstan is mineral rich. Enterprises involved in extraction and processing of coal, oil, gas, non-ferrous and ferrous metals play a leading role in the national economy.

The Republic is a multinational state inhabited with representatives of more than 120 nationalities. The main religions are Islam and Orthodox Christianity, but religious tolerant is the norm.

Kyrgyzstan -Travel Guide

10 Great Things to Do and See in Kyrgyzstan

Cities of Kyrgyzstan

Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan

Issyk-Kul, Kyrgyzstan

Tajikistan - Travel Guide

Turkmenistan - Travel Guide

10 Reasons To Travel to Central Asia:

Not many people know about Central Asia. Places like the Middle East and Asia are spoken about among travellers, but where is Central Asia? This jigsaw puzzle of countries is situated south of Russia, west of China and north of Iran and Pakistan. Commonly referred to as “the Stans“, the countries that make up this region are: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. Afghanistan is also sometimes included in the list.

This ancient land is drenched in history and culture and with so few tourists daring to venture here, you’ll have the sites, people and experiences virtually all to yourself!

1. It’s The Perfect Time

Central Asia is slowly starting to become noticed by travellers. Little Kyrgyzstan has already eased visa restrictions and has set up homestay and adventure programs, making it fairly simple for you to visit and experience the country. There’s just enough tourism infrastructure in the region at the moment, yet it retains it’s authenticity and still feels like an epic place to travel. Currently there are only a handful of tourists travelling here, however, things are definitely picking up and soon (we predict) this part of the world will be swarming with backpackers and travellers all wanting a piece of The Stans.

2. The Adventure

This isn’t a part of the world for beach-bumming and sauntering around in flip-flops, this region is rugged, rough and ideal for intrepid travellers. Horse-trekking, camping, helicopter rides, road trips through the mountains and hiking over high passes are just some of the adventures waiting for you in Central Asia.

travel to central asia

Trekking at 3,500m in Kyrgyzstan

3. The Culture

Central Asian people lead very interesting lives. Each country has its own unique culture and customs, but there are many similarities between them. Throughout the region, Islam is the faith of choice, people are traditionally nomadic, horses are the means of getting around in the countryside and everyone has a strong connection with their family and community.

travel to uzbekistan

Incredible Islamic architecture – the towering Registan in Uzbekistan

4. The Yurts

In Mongolia, round felt homes are scattered all over the countryside and they’re typically called gers, in Central Asia, they are called yurts. Today, people in the countryside commonly sleep in these circular structures, which are movable and therefore perfect for nomadic people. Made from wooden beams, latticework, sheep’s wool, felt and canvas, these homes are warm in the winter, yet cool in the summer. Sleeping in a yurt beside a burning stove is a highlight of any trip to Central Asia.

travel to kyrgyzstan

Traditional Kyrgyz yurts

5. The People

Due to its proximity to China, Mongolia, Iran and Russia, this part of the world is an interesting melting pot of people and ethnicities! You may be in Tajikistan, but find yourself looking at someone with green eyes, light skin and a thin nose. Tajiks are actually descendents from the Aryan people, meaning they are closely related to Iranians/Persians. Regardless of whether the people look Asian, Persian, European or Arabic, everyone is extremely warm and welcoming here. Most people are very interested in foreigners, as they don’t see too many of us. Just make sure to bring a Russian Phrasebook so you will be able to communicate a few key sentences with your new friends.

travel to kazakhstan

Sharing food and beer on the train in Kazakhstan

6. The Mountains

The towering mountains in the Central Asian region are some of the highest in the world. The Pamir Mountains are formed by the meeting of the Himalayas with the Tian Shan, Karakoram, Kunlun and the Hindu Kush ranges. These massive, snow-capped peaks are commonly referred to as “The Roof of The World”. The Pamir Mountains are mostly situated in Tajikistan and Afghanistan, but span north to Kyrgyzstan, south to Pakistan and east to China. Seeing these beautiful ranges is a once in a lifetime opportunity.

travel to tajikistan

The colourful mountains of the Pshart Valley in Tajikistan

7. The Pamir Highway

At 4,655 meters (15,270 feet), this is the second highest highway in the world! This is the only continuous route through the difficult terrain in the Pamir Mountains, and is the main supply line for Tajikistan’s Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province. The Pamir Highway was also an important road during the Silk Road days. Today, many people cycle, hitch-hike or hire a jeep to take them through this volatile land filled with lakes, mountains, historical sites and friendly faces.

pamir highway tajikistan

Road Trip along the incredible Pamir Highway, Tajikistan

8. The Markets

Some of the most interesting markets in the world can be found in Central Asia, which is no surprise given its Silk Road Trading Route legacy. Spices, dried fruits, nuts, fresh meat, clothing and house wares can all be found at the bustling local markets of the stans. Some of the best markets are in Osh (Kyrgyzstan), Almaty (Kazakhstan), Ishkashim (Afghanistan/Tajikistan border) and the covered bazaar in Bukhara (Uzbekistan). Markets play a huge part in the day-to-day life in Central Asia, make sure you visit one… or as many as you can!

travel to central asia

Delicious bread for sale at the Osh Bazaar, Kyrgyzstan

9. The Nature

Being out in nature is good for the soul, there’s no doubt about it. Central Asia has its large cities, but outside of them, you’ll find miles and miles of uninhabited lands. Rivers cut through the mountainside, flowers bloom in the meadows and the sky is as blue as the alpine lakes. This is the perfect place to enjoy peace and quiet, go for a walk and spot some interesting wildlife on the way (like the Marco Polo Sheep, and if you’re very lucky, a snow leopard).

travel to tajikistan

Beautiful river, meadows and mountains in Tajikistan

10. The Historical Sites

Given the history here, it’s no surprise that there are some interesting sites to explore. Check out the petroglyphs (rock engravings) along the Pamir Highway, visit towering fortresses and bathe in the age-old Bibi Fatima natural hot springs. The history and archeological sites in this region of the world (both man-made and natural) are fantastic.

petroglyphs in tajikistan

Amazing petroglyphs!

Have we convinced you to travel to Central Asia?! If you’re interested in visiting a land filled with history, fantastic sights, colourful people and unbelievable nature, consider Central Asia. Now is the time to get here, before the crowds arrive.

For more country focused information on travelling Central Asia, check out our Ultimate Guide To Backpacking Tajikistan and The Ultimate Guide To Backpacking Kyrgyzstan.

Author’s Bio:

Nick and Dariece are the couple behind goats on the road Goats On The Road, a website designed to inspire others to live a financially sustainable, location independent lifestyle.

Masters at making money abroad and turning their travels into a way of life, they’ve been on the road since 2008 and have explored some of the least visited places on earth, finding adventure wherever they go.

Day 1: Bishkek – arrival
Arrival in Bishkek. You will be met by Advantour driver and transferred to the hotel. Check in to the hotel at noon. Transfer to the Ala-Archa National Park (40 km, 50 min.) which attracts visitors with its beautiful mountain scenery and hiking trails. Fast flowing Ala-Archa River runs through the alpine gorge surrounded by snowy peaks with steep forested slopes. Enjoy free time or a hike in the park. In the afternoon return to Bishkek for city tour. Visit Oak Park, Ala-Too Square, Statue of Manas. See Philharmonic Hall and Victory Monument – bright examples of Soviet architecture. Free time. Overnight at the hotel.
Duration of sightseeing tour: 3-4 hours

Day 2: Bishkek – Issyk-Kul
In the morning transfer to Issyk-Kul Lake (260 km, 4 h.). Stop on the way to see Burana tower, what has left from the ancient city of Balasagun (11-13 cent). Continue driving to Issyk-Kul, the second largest mountain lake in the world (1600 m above sea level). Arrival at lake, accommodation in a hotel at the North coast of Issyk-Kul.
Meals: breakfast, dinner

Day 3: Issyk-Kul – Bishkek
After breakfast transfer to Cholpon-Ata where you will see petroglyphs – the rock carvings made by prehistoric people lying under the open sky, and visit Ethnographical Museum (250 km, 5 h.). Arrive in Bishkek, free time. Overnight at the hotel.

Day 4: Bishkek – Almaty
At 8 a.m. depart Bishkek and drive to Almaty (250 km, 4 h.). Cross Kyrgyzstan-Kazakhstan border. Continue travelling to Almaty via a newly built highway, see natural landscapes on the way. Arrive in Almaty in the afternoon, check in to the hotel. Your guide and driver will meet you at hotel lobby to start the sightseeing tour in Almaty: visit Panfilov Park, Zenkov Cathedral,National Musical Instruments Museum. Enjoy panoramic view at Kok-Tobe Hill, visit Medeo Gorge. Overnight at the hotel.
Duration of sightseeing tour: 5 hours

Day 5: Almaty – Tashkent
Transfer to Almaty International Airport for flight to Tashkent at 10:05 a.m. (580 km, 1 h. 25 min.). Upon arrival in Tashkent at 10:30 a.m. transfer to the hotel. Check in to the hotel at noon. Free time. Overnight at the hotel.

Day 6: Tashkent – Samarkand (265 km, 4 hours)
At 9:00 in the morning meet with your group and guide at the lobby of the hotel. Start sightseeing Tashkent. Visit Old City part of Tashkent with Khast-Imam Complex and Chorsu bazar, continue to center of Tashkent with Amir Timur Square, Independence Square and Applied Arts Museum. In the afternoon drive to Samarkand. Arrive in Samarkand, transfer to the hotel. Overnight.
Duration of sightseeing tour: 4-5 hours

Day 7: Tuesday, Samarkand
In the morning meet with your guide and driver at the lobby of the hotel. Start sightseeing program in Samarkand. Visit spectacular Registan Square, remains of Bibi-Khahum mosque,Ulugbek observatory, Shakhi-Zinda Necropolis, central Samarkand bazaar and Gur-Emir Mausoleum, authentic shrine of Tamerlane. Overnight at the hotel.
Duration of sightseeing tour: 6-7 hours

Day 8: Samarkand – Bukhara (280 km, 4 hrs)
In the morning depart Samarkand and drive to Bukhara. En-route visit to summer palace of Bukhara Emirs Sitorai Mokhi-Khosa, unique site combining Oriental and Russian architecture. Continue to Bakhouddin Naqshbandi Mausoleum and Chor-Bakr Necropolis. Overnight in Bukhara.
Duration of sightseeing tour: 3-4 hours

Day 9: Bukhara
In the morning start walking sightseeing tour in Bukhara. Visit the Mausoleum of Samani Dynasty, Ark Fortress, Chashma-Ayub, Kalyan Ensemble, Miri-Arab Madrasah, Magoki-Attori Mosque,Ulugbek and Abdulazizkhan Madrasah, trade domes, Lyabi-Khauz Complex, Chor-Minor Madrasah. Dinner and national show at Nadir Divan-Begi Madrasah. Overnight at the hotel.
Duration of sightseeing tour: 6-7 hours

Day 10: Bukhara – Mary
In the morning transfer to Uzbekistan-Turkmenistan border point Alat-Farab (100 km, 1 h. 30 min.). Go through border formalities on both checkpoints. Cross 1.5 km neutral zone (transportation may not be available). Meet your Turkmenistan guide and drive to Mary throughTurkmenabat (290 km, 5 h. 30 min.). Arrival in Mary, check in to the hotel. Overnight at the hotel.

Day 11: Mary – Merv – Ashgabat
After breakfast drive to ancient Merv (40 km, 30 min.). Merv was a major center of international trade and crafts located on the Silk Road. Discover historical park with Sultan Sanjar Mausoleum, Large and Small Gyz Gala, Erk Gala, Gyaur Gala, Keshk Fortress and others. Return to Mary and visit History Museum of Merv region. Take an evening flight to Ashgabat (370 km, 50 min.). Upon arrival transfer to the hotel. Overnight at the hotel.
Duration of sightseeing tour: 4-5 hours

Day 12: Ashgabat
Sightseeing tour in Ashgabat – capital of Turkmenistan which has experienced boom of “Marble Architecture” for the past 15 years. Explore archeological site of Old Nisa (included in UNESCO World Heritage list) and Spiritual Mosque, one of the biggest mosques in Central Asia. Visit the National Museum of History, and continue to Monument of Neutrality. In the afternoon drive to “Bedev” hippodrome stables to see Akhalteke horses – pride of Turkmen nation. Continue the tour with visits to Presidential Square, Ertugrul Gazy Mosque, and the newly built Independence Park. Take a picture of the Monument of Lenin. Overnight at the hotel.
Duration of sightseeing tour: 6 hours

Day 13: Ashgabat – departure
Check out from the hotel till noon. Free time till transfer to Ashgabat International Airport. Departure.

City	Hotel	Number of nights
Bishkek	Hotel (***)	2
Issyk-Kul	Raduga or similar hotel	1
Almaty	Kazzhol	1
Tashkent	Shodlik, Le Grande Plaza, Uzbekistan	1
Samarkand	Malika Prime, Malika Classic, Billuri Sitora, Ideal	2
Bukhara	Amelia, Amulet, Minzifa, K.Komil, Siyavush	2
Mary	Margush, Yrsgal, Dayanch	1
Ashgabat	Ak-Altyn, Grand Turkmen	2